Technical Library

The science behind the solidification.

Four decades of independent research, national-laboratory treatability studies, and field case histories — the documented evidence behind AQUASET®, PETROSET®, WTZ® and Fluid Tech's isotope-specific media — plus the published patents of our Senior Technical Advisor.

Fluid Tech's products have been evaluated by Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, the Savannah River Site, INL and other DOE facilities, deployed on major decommissioning projects. This library collects that record, along with the published patents of our Senior Technical Advisor, listed by inventor. Browse by category below, or filter by technology.

Technology

Research & Treatability Studies

Independent national-laboratory & DOE evaluations

Third-party studies documenting how Fluid Tech media perform on real low-level, mixed, and TRU waste streams — the strongest, most citable evidence in the library.

First page of the 1996 Sandia National Laboratories treatability study Treatability Study Stabilization of Liquid Low-Level and Mixed Wastes Sandia National Laboratories · 1996 · SAND96-0297C Independent DOE study across ~40 low-level and mixed waste types — all stabilized with AQUASET® / PETROSET® media, all passing the EPA Method 9095 Paint Filter Liquids Test. Solidification & Absorption View Treatability Study Alternative Method of Solidification for Class A Waste Babcock & Wilcox / Fluid Tech · WM Symposium 1988 41–48 gal of Class A waste per 55-gal drum — about half the burial volume of cement — with ANSI/ANS 16.1 leach data. Solidification & Absorption View Treatability Study Processing of Wastes with the AQUASET/PETROSET Family Fluid Tech / US Ecology · WM Symposium 1989 40,000+ gal of radioactive oil waste solidified in the field at ~80% loading, with leach rates up to 100× below cement. Solidification & Absorption View Treatability Study In-Situ Remediation of Mixed-Waste Tanks (INEEL V-9) Peter Shaw (INEEL / Lockheed Martin Idaho) · WM Symposium 1998 AQUASET II-H solidified 40+ wt% water and cut metals below TCLP for in-situ remediation of a DOE mixed-waste tank. Solidification & Absorption View Treatability Study Production-Scale Solidification System (Argonne) Wescott, Wagh & Singh (ANL-E) · CONF-970335-41 A DOE production-scale in-drum solidification system running AQUASET II-H and PETROSET II media. Solidification & Absorption View Treatability Study Oak Ridge Zeolite Testing — WTZ 100 (2022) Jeansonne (UCOR); Townson (Atkins) · WM2022 · Paper 22292 Independent Oak Ridge evaluation naming Fluid Tech's WTZ 100 clinoptilolite as a durable zeolite for Cs-137 / Sr-90 removal. Ion Exchange & Isotope-Specific Media View Treatability Study SRS PUREX Waste Solidification — Sorbent Evaluation Savannah River Site / SRTC · 2003 An independent SRS comparison that evaluated PETROSET II for solidifying PUREX (TBP) organic waste under leach, radiation and thermal stress. Solidification & Absorption View Treatability Study K Basin Sludge & Hydrogen Generation (AQUASET II) Sinkov, Delegard & Schmidt (PNNL) · PNNL-20455 PNNL evaluated AQUASET II as a K Basin sludge waste form in the context of hydrogen generated by uranium-metal corrosion. Solidification & Absorption View Treatability Study SRS PUREX Solidification — Phase IV Drum-Scale Bickford & Joyce (MSE); Holmes-Burns (WSRC) · WM Symposium 2006 The drum-scale (5- and 55-gal) follow-on to the 2003 SRS bench study — PETROSET II and PETROSET II Granular for organic PUREX waste. Solidification & Absorption View

Case Studies & Project Histories

Field deployments & decommissioning projects

How the technology has performed on real cleanup and decommissioning campaigns.

Case Study Hanford 105-K West Fuel Basin Cleanup & Decommissioning CPCCo / Fluid Tech · completed 2024 WTZ 100/200 and FHA ion-specific media dewatered and decommissioned the Hanford 105-KW fuel basin — Cs, Sr and TRU capture into shielded modules. Decommissioning & Cleanup View Case Study Activated Cobalt Removal at Salem Nuclear Station Salem Nuclear Station / EnergySolutions · 2023 FHA and WTZ 100 removed activated cobalt (Co-58/Co-60) below the plant's discharge limit during a refueling outage — FHA best. Ion Exchange & Isotope-Specific Media View

Regulatory & Operating Records

Permitted procedures & operating history

Where Fluid Tech media appear in regulators' permitted procedures and in DOE operating records — independent documentation of qualified, real-world use.

Operating Record INL Contact-Handled TRU Debris Waste Grant, Crane, Butler & Henry (INL) · INL/EXT-10-17600 A DOE process-knowledge record documenting PETROSET II and AQUASET II in use managing liquids in INL's contact-handled TRU debris waste. Solidification & Absorption View Regulatory Record EnergySolutions Clive — Permitted Solidification Procedures EnergySolutions LLC · Clive, Utah · rev. 2014 AQUASET II, AQUASET II-H and PETROSET II are named in EnergySolutions' permitted liquid-waste solidification procedures at the Clive facility. Solidification & Absorption View

Patents

Public patent records naming our Senior Technical Advisor as inventor

Plain-language summaries of patents on which Dr. Mark Denton is a named inventor, each linked to the official public record.

U.S. Patent Isotope-Specific Separation and Vitrification Using Ion-Specific Media US 9,437,336 B2 · Sept 6, 2016 · M. S. Denton A method that selectively removes target radionuclides — cesium, strontium, technetium — onto ion-specific media, then vitrifies the loaded media into a durable final waste form. Ion Exchange & Isotope-Specific Media View Patent Method & System for Treating Radioactive Waste Water US 8,222,475 B2 · M. S. Denton The foundational isotope-specific method: selective media pull target radionuclides from radioactive waste water. Ion Exchange & Isotope-Specific Media View Patent Preventing Demineralizer-System Overload US 8,148,594 B2 · M. S. Denton Upstream isotope removal that keeps plant demineralizer beds from being overloaded and exhausted. Ion Exchange & Isotope-Specific Media View Patent Submersible Filters for Isotope Separation US 9,714,457 B2 · M. S. Denton Isotope-specific media in submersible filters that separate radionuclides in place, inside pools and tanks. Ion Exchange & Isotope-Specific Media View Patent Selective Regeneration of Isotope-Specific Media US 9,365,911 B2 · M. S. Denton Regenerating loaded media so it can be reused instead of discarded as secondary waste. Ion Exchange & Isotope-Specific Media View Patent Advanced Tritium Separation & Permeation System US 10,940,437 B2 · M. S. Denton A permeation-based system for removing tritium — the isotope ordinary media cannot capture. Tritium & Advanced Separation View Patent Sluiceable Filtration System US 10,106,439 B2 · M. S. Denton A filtration system whose spent media can be sluiced out and recharged remotely, cutting hands-on dose. Ion Exchange & Isotope-Specific Media View Patent Multi-Vessel Filtration System US 10,668,405 B2 · M. S. Denton Several isotope-specific beds staged in series to polish multi-contaminant streams in one skid. Ion Exchange & Isotope-Specific Media View Patent Advanced Microwave Vitrification System CA 2,792,402 / CN 102845129 · M. S. Denton Microwave pyrolysis and vitrification that locks concentrated waste into a durable glass-like form. Ion Exchange & Isotope-Specific Media View Patent Mobile Isotope-Removal System US 2022/0289609 A1 · M. S. Denton A transportable, modular skid that brings isotope-specific treatment to the site. Ion Exchange & Isotope-Specific Media View Patent Regenerable Inorganic Media (foundational, 1992) US 5,082,570 · M. S. Denton The Higgins-Denton origin patent: selective, regenerable inorganic media the whole line descends from. Ion Exchange & Isotope-Specific Media View

White Papers & Technical Guides

Fluid Tech–authored technical resources

Foundational technical papers by our team, including research by our Senior Technical Advisor.

White Paper Ion-Specific Media Development for the Hanford WTP M. S. Denton (Fluid Tech Senior Technical Advisor) · WM 2011 Foundational ISM research by our Senior Technical Advisor: two vitrification-compatible media classes removing Cs, Sr, Tc and I — the science behind WTZ and FHA. Ion Exchange & Isotope-Specific Media View White Paper Modular Isotope-Specific Removal — Magnox Pond Trials M. S. Denton (Fluid Tech Senior Technical Advisor) · EPRI 2014 Our Senior Technical Advisor's paper on modular isotope-specific removal applied to legacy UK Magnox reactor pond waters (summary only). Ion Exchange & Isotope-Specific Media View

Looking for a specific study, patent, or data package? Contact our team and we'll point you to the right document.

Publication, testing, or permitting by a government laboratory, contractor, or agency does not constitute endorsement of any commercial product.